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SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
Age Without Getting Old
NATURAL
ANTI AGING 101
SAFE - EFFECTIVE - RAPID - NATURAL
ANTI AGING 101
SAFE - EFFECTIVE - RAPID - NATURAL
TM
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SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
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Email: support@naturalantiaging101.com
Copyright © 2009 by NaturalAntiAging101.com. All Rights reserved.
THE CAUSE OF HUMAN AGING IS NOW BEING UNDERSTOOD
WHAT HAS LED TO THE FINDING WAS GENETIC RESEARCH.
WHAT HAS LED TO THE FINDING WAS GENETIC RESEARCH.
THE BRIEF DEVELOPMENTS OF GENETIC RESEARCH
1857 - Gregor Mendel (Austrian priest of Roman Catholic Church) the "Father of Genetics" performed an experiment that led to increased interest in the study of genetics. The results were Mendel's First Law = the law of segregation of characteristics. (only one of a pair of gene can be represented in a gamete) and Mendel's Second Law = the law of independent assortment. (for two characteristics the genes are inherited independently.)
1869 - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first discovered by Johann Friedrich Miescher, a young Swiss chemist studying in Tübingen, Germany.
1924 - Feulgen developed the Fuchsin staining technique (microscope studies using stains) for DNA and protein show that both substances are present in chromosomes.
1928 - Frederick Griffith’s "transforming principle" was also the first clear evidence linking DNA to heredity in cells. He provided the foundation for the further genetic research.
1943 - Fourteen years later a scientist named Oswald Avery continued with Griffith’s experiment to see what the inheritance molecule was. Avery worked with MacLeod and McCarty on the mystery of inheritance. Avery had found the inheritance molecule (the carrier of the genetic code) was, DNA! Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg stated that Avery and his laboratory provided "the historical platform of modern DNA research" and "betokened the molecular revolution in genetics and biomedical science generally."
1950 - Erwin Chargaff discovered that the amounts of adenine and thymine in DNA were roughly the same, as were the amounts of cytosine and guanine. This later became known as the first of Chargaff's rules.
1953 - Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins obtained an x-ray pattern of DNA and discovered the structure of DNA. Wilkins was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Crick and Watson in 1962.
1953 - When James Watson and Francis Crick saw Franklin and Wilkins's picture of the X-ray they had enough information to make an accurate model.
1961 - Sidney Brenner and Francis Crick establish that groups of three nucleotide bases, or codons, are used to specify individual amino acids.
1961*- Leonard Hayflick discovered that human cells divide for a limited number of times. This explain how human body age.
1966 - The genetic code is deciphered when biochemical analysis reveals which codons determine which amino acids.
1968 - Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.
1969 - Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey and Salvador E. Luria shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.
1970 - Hamilton Smith, at Johns Hopkins Medical School, isolates the first restriction enzyme, an enzyme that cuts DNA at a very specific nucleotide sequence (recognize specific characteristics of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA and cleave there, dividing the molecule at that point.) Over the next few years, several more restriction enzymes will be isolated. He shared the Nobel Prize, in 1978, with Werner Arber and Daniel Nathans.
1971*- A Russian Scientist, Alexei Olovnikov, suggested that DNA sequences at the tips of chromosome (telomeres) would be lost in every cell division until they reached a critical level, at which point cell division would stop.
1985*- Elizabeth Blackburn, an Australian-born U.S. biologist, found that RNA active enzyme called Telomerase can increase telomeres length.
1991*- Leonard Hayflick awarded with Sandoz Prize for Gerontological Research. He has studied the aging process for more than thirty years. He is best known for discovering that human cells divide for a limited number of times in vitro. This is known as the Hayflick limit.
1993 - Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries of split genes.
1995 - Edward B. Lewis Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Eric F. Wieschaus shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.
2002 - Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death’.
1990~2003 - Human Genome Project (HGP).
2006 - Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA.
2009 - Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase, and aging process.
1869 - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first discovered by Johann Friedrich Miescher, a young Swiss chemist studying in Tübingen, Germany.
1924 - Feulgen developed the Fuchsin staining technique (microscope studies using stains) for DNA and protein show that both substances are present in chromosomes.
1928 - Frederick Griffith’s "transforming principle" was also the first clear evidence linking DNA to heredity in cells. He provided the foundation for the further genetic research.
1943 - Fourteen years later a scientist named Oswald Avery continued with Griffith’s experiment to see what the inheritance molecule was. Avery worked with MacLeod and McCarty on the mystery of inheritance. Avery had found the inheritance molecule (the carrier of the genetic code) was, DNA! Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg stated that Avery and his laboratory provided "the historical platform of modern DNA research" and "betokened the molecular revolution in genetics and biomedical science generally."
1950 - Erwin Chargaff discovered that the amounts of adenine and thymine in DNA were roughly the same, as were the amounts of cytosine and guanine. This later became known as the first of Chargaff's rules.
1953 - Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins obtained an x-ray pattern of DNA and discovered the structure of DNA. Wilkins was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Crick and Watson in 1962.
1953 - When James Watson and Francis Crick saw Franklin and Wilkins's picture of the X-ray they had enough information to make an accurate model.
1961 - Sidney Brenner and Francis Crick establish that groups of three nucleotide bases, or codons, are used to specify individual amino acids.
1961*- Leonard Hayflick discovered that human cells divide for a limited number of times. This explain how human body age.
1966 - The genetic code is deciphered when biochemical analysis reveals which codons determine which amino acids.
1968 - Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.
1969 - Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey and Salvador E. Luria shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.
1970 - Hamilton Smith, at Johns Hopkins Medical School, isolates the first restriction enzyme, an enzyme that cuts DNA at a very specific nucleotide sequence (recognize specific characteristics of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA and cleave there, dividing the molecule at that point.) Over the next few years, several more restriction enzymes will be isolated. He shared the Nobel Prize, in 1978, with Werner Arber and Daniel Nathans.
1971*- A Russian Scientist, Alexei Olovnikov, suggested that DNA sequences at the tips of chromosome (telomeres) would be lost in every cell division until they reached a critical level, at which point cell division would stop.
1985*- Elizabeth Blackburn, an Australian-born U.S. biologist, found that RNA active enzyme called Telomerase can increase telomeres length.
1991*- Leonard Hayflick awarded with Sandoz Prize for Gerontological Research. He has studied the aging process for more than thirty years. He is best known for discovering that human cells divide for a limited number of times in vitro. This is known as the Hayflick limit.
1993 - Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries of split genes.
1995 - Edward B. Lewis Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Eric F. Wieschaus shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.
2002 - Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death’.
1990~2003 - Human Genome Project (HGP).
2006 - Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA.
2009 - Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase, and aging process.
The Human Genome Project (HGP)
(1990 ~ 2003)
(1990 ~ 2003)
The U.S. Human Genome Project was a 13-year effort coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. The project originally was planned to last 15 years, but rapid technological advances accelerated the completion date to 2003.
Goals:
·identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA,
·determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA,
·store this information in databases,
·improve tools for data analysis,
·transfer related technologies to the private sector, and
·address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.
Goals:
·identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA,
·determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA,
·store this information in databases,
·improve tools for data analysis,
·transfer related technologies to the private sector, and
·address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.
UNDERSTANDING CELLULAR AGING
Each time mitosis (cell division) occurs, the telomeres of the dividing cells get shorter.
Once a cell's telomeres have reached a critically short length, that cell can no longer divide.
Its structure and function begins to fail. Some cells even die.
Once a cell's telomeres have reached a critically short length, that cell can no longer divide.
Its structure and function begins to fail. Some cells even die.
It has been demonstrated that the length of telomeres can also be changed or modified (longer or shorter) by hormones and inflammatory factors. (This is why chronic infection is dangerous.) As we age, immunity deteriorates because of the progressive decline of the number of T and B lymphocytes. Scientists have found that most of the centenarians’ lymphocytes are well preserved in numbers and function (“Telomere Shortening and Ageing of the Immune System,” Kaszubowska, Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland, Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, December 2008, vol. 9, 169-186).
| Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn of UCSF was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, 2009, for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase, and aging process. |
WHY TELOMERES GETTING SHORTER FOR EVERY CELL MITOTIC DIVISION
Telomerase is the enzyme found to lengthen the telomeres. The telomerase, however, found by Japanese researchers to be active in young people. This finding was documented in the research article "Telomeric length and telomerase activity vary with age in peripheral blood cells obtained from normal individuals." and is summarised in the table below:
References:
| ● | Telomeric length and telomerase activity vary with age in peripheral blood cells obtained from normal individuals. - Iwama H, Ohyashiki K, Ohyashiki JH, Hayashi S, Yahata N, Ando K, Toyama K, Hoshika A, Takasaki M, Mori M, Shay JW of The First Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical College, Japan. |
| ● | Telomere Shortening and Ageing of the Immune System, Kaszubowska, Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland, Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, December 2008, vol. 9, 169-186 |
| Telomeric length, measured by assay of Terminal Restriction Fragments (TRFs) | Telomerase Activity | |
| Age 4 ~ 39 | decreased by approximately 84 bp per year | progressive decrease |
| Age 40 and above | decreased approximately by 41 bp per year | 65% shows relatively stable but very low; the remaining had no detectable telomerase activity. |
What is a Telomere?
| ● | Telomeres are protein-DNA complexes localized at the ends of our chromosomes, with genetic code TTAGGG, which acts like a bookend. Telomeres are crucial to the life of the cell. |
| ● | Telomeres keep chromosomes protected and prevent them from fusing into rings or binding with other DNA or chromosomes becoming attached to each other. |
| ● | The telomeres of humans consist of as many as 2000 repeats of the sequence .... 5' TTAGGG 3'. 5'...TTAGGG TTAGGG TTAGGG TTAGGG TTAGGG TTAGGG..3' 3'...AATCCC AATCCC AATCCC AATCCC AATCCC AATCCC..5' |
Telomeres at the ends of chromosomes
In 2009, scientists at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver made telomere measurement in our DNA commercially feasible.
Replication of linear DNA poses a special problem
Shortening of telomere length. Once a cell's telomeres have reached a critically short length, that cell can no longer divide and it cause cellular aging.
Shortening of telomere length. Once a cell's telomeres have reached a critically short length, that cell can no longer divide and it cause cellular aging.
Replication of DNA
DNA replication does not begin at either end of the DNA strand, but starts at the center, and considering that all DNA polymerases move in the 5' to 3' direction, and it forms a leading and a lagging strand on the DNA molecule being replicated.
This works fine for the 3' -> 5' strand of a chromosome to sinthesize the leading strand of new DNA. However, the synthesis of lagging strand leave gaps as it has to be discontinuous. When the replication fork opens sufficiently, DNA polymerase can begin to synthesize a section of complementary strand - called an Okazaki fragment - working in the opposite direction. Later, DNA ligase stitches the Okazaki fragments together,
DNA replication does not begin at either end of the DNA strand, but starts at the center, and considering that all DNA polymerases move in the 5' to 3' direction, and it forms a leading and a lagging strand on the DNA molecule being replicated.
This works fine for the 3' -> 5' strand of a chromosome to sinthesize the leading strand of new DNA. However, the synthesis of lagging strand leave gaps as it has to be discontinuous. When the replication fork opens sufficiently, DNA polymerase can begin to synthesize a section of complementary strand - called an Okazaki fragment - working in the opposite direction. Later, DNA ligase stitches the Okazaki fragments together,
At the end of laging strand the gap beyong the last Okasaki fragment cannot be filled and hence the telomere at the end of DNA strand become shorter after every replication.
Activating telomerase by nature’s most reputable material - Royal Jelly (Queen Bee’s Colostrum)
Royal Jelly has a rich treasure chest of proteins, carbohydrates, essential lipids, fatty acids and vitamins, but more important for anti-aging purpose is its active enzyme with genetic material, DNA and RNA. No wonder, since ancient it is known as “Natures Fountain of Youth”. Royal jelly’s regenerative properties were first discovered in ancient China to promote longer life. The Egyptians saw royal jelly as a “sacred youth elixir” and saved it for the Pharaoh and his queen. The Romans called it the “sweet juice of life,” and the Mayan civilization considered it a “youth tonic for vitality.”
Professor Nakamura, a bioscientist of Tohoku University, Japan, found that Italian Bee produces the highest quality of Royal Jelly. It contains about 10 times amount of 10-HAD (10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic Acid) compared to normal standard Royal Jelly. 10-HDA is a major fatty acid and the marker compound used to test royal jelly potency. With this, he created an anti-aging cellular supplement, ST Factor (ST stands for Super Telomerase). ST Factor is now manufactured by Life Code Anti-aging International.
Royal Jelly has a rich treasure chest of proteins, carbohydrates, essential lipids, fatty acids and vitamins, but more important for anti-aging purpose is its active enzyme with genetic material, DNA and RNA. No wonder, since ancient it is known as “Natures Fountain of Youth”. Royal jelly’s regenerative properties were first discovered in ancient China to promote longer life. The Egyptians saw royal jelly as a “sacred youth elixir” and saved it for the Pharaoh and his queen. The Romans called it the “sweet juice of life,” and the Mayan civilization considered it a “youth tonic for vitality.”
Professor Nakamura, a bioscientist of Tohoku University, Japan, found that Italian Bee produces the highest quality of Royal Jelly. It contains about 10 times amount of 10-HAD (10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic Acid) compared to normal standard Royal Jelly. 10-HDA is a major fatty acid and the marker compound used to test royal jelly potency. With this, he created an anti-aging cellular supplement, ST Factor (ST stands for Super Telomerase). ST Factor is now manufactured by Life Code Anti-aging International.
Professor Nakamura
-Nominee of 2006 Nobel Price for medicine.
-As a special researcher in Spectrometry Analysis Center, in the world prestigious college - Tohoku University, Japan.
-Engrossed in various biological and physics scientific research.
-The chief of Japan Natural Seaweed Medicine Laboratory and Director of Pharmacology Process.
-Long term research in behavioral science, biological anti-aging, cancer-resistant, genes, etc.
-World renowned biologist, known by Prof. Lu D. T. as the most innovative scientist.
-Known by Japan well-known social critic, Mr. Komatsu Sakyo, as “a low profile knowledge king”.
-Nominee of 2006 Nobel Price for medicine.
-As a special researcher in Spectrometry Analysis Center, in the world prestigious college - Tohoku University, Japan.
-Engrossed in various biological and physics scientific research.
-The chief of Japan Natural Seaweed Medicine Laboratory and Director of Pharmacology Process.
-Long term research in behavioral science, biological anti-aging, cancer-resistant, genes, etc.
-World renowned biologist, known by Prof. Lu D. T. as the most innovative scientist.
-Known by Japan well-known social critic, Mr. Komatsu Sakyo, as “a low profile knowledge king”.
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